Industrial automation deals with the automation of manufacturing, quality control and material handling processes. It replaces manual activities with mechanized equipment using logical programming. Industry 4.0 enhances this by connecting systems using IIoT and advanced communication technologies.

Smart Grid integrates traditional electricity networks with digital communication and control systems to provide reliable, efficient, and sustainable electricity. It supports power from diverse sources such as wind, solar, and hybrid electric vehicles.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) use battery or fuel cell technology to drive motors, replacing internal combustion. EVs include BEVs and PHEVs, which recharge from the grid and regenerative braking, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional vehicles.

Solar technology converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. Emerging innovations like nanotechnology and transparent solar panels are making solar energy more efficient and cost-effective, helping address global energy challenges.